Electronic version of  “ARMENIA: The Survival of a Nation”, revised second edition © 1990 Christopher J. Walker

 

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Index

 

 

Abbas I, shah of Persia 37–8, 396

Abbas Mirza 45–7

Abdul Hamid II, Ottoman sultan 69, 98, 107, 122, 123, 134–5, 157, 158, 160, 168, 195, 236, 358, 359; attitude to Armenians 145–6; overthrow 179, 180–1

Abovian 399

Abovian, Kh. 55–6, 343; biography 409

Act of United Armenia 272–3

Adana 100, 299; disturbances (1909) 182–8; in 1919–20 292

Adrianople 110, 111; treaty of 54, see also Edirne

Afghanistan 191, 199

Afghans 40

Agha Mohammed 42

Aghbalian, N. 275, 324; biography 409–10

Aghanbekyan, A. 393, 398

Aghin 286, 313

Aghtamar 30, 32n; catholicosate 86

Agn, massacre in (1896) 170

Aharonian, A. 259, 265, 278, 282, 314; biography 410

Ahmed Mukhtar, Kemalist commissar 313, 324

Ahmed Mukhtar Pasha 65

Ahmedov, A. 404–5

Aintab 126, 214; in 1920–1 300–2; massacre (1895) 161

Akantz 207

Akbaba, Mt 286, 320, 326, 376

Akchurin, Yusuf 180

Akhalkalak 53, 54, 253, 257

Akhaltsikhe 52, 53, 54, 253, 257

Akhisar, massacre in (1895) 158

Akulis, Lower and Upper 278–9

Alashkert, vale of 111, 112

Albania, -ns 179, 192, 350, 395; Church, 396

Aleppo 162, 163, 205, 214, 220–1, 223, 225, 226, 232, 236, 366

Alexander the Great 21, 23

Alexander II, tsar of Russia 61, 65, 109; assassinated 67

Alexander III, tsar of Russia 67

Alexandretta 111, 225; sanjak of 348–9, 366

Alexandropol 45, 57, 251–2, 253, 254, 257, 263, 312, 315; Bolshevik uprising, May 1920 285–6; condition in 1920 320–1; conference 316–17, 318–19; occupied by Turks 313; treaty of 319–22, 325, 326, 353; Turks stay in occupation 324

Alexei Mikhailovich, tsar of Muscovy 39

Allen, W.E.D. 52, 53, 230, 385

Allenby, General Sir E. 237

Amasia, massacre in (1895) 161

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions 126

American Committee for the Independence of Armenia 264, 286

amiras 93–9

Ampthill, Lord, British ambassador in Berlin 124

Amsterdam 49

Anatolia College, Marsovan 222

Andok Dagh 136, 141, 142, 143, in 1915 212

Andranik, General (Ozanian) 178; and Balkan Wars 193n; defends Caucasian front 1917–18 249; on the point of capturing Karabagh 270–1; biography 411

Andrassy, Count 106

Angora 210; massacre (1915) 221–2, see also Ankara

Ani 28, 29, 30, 32; ruins of 329–30, 376; station 286

Ankara 280, 294, 299, 304–5, 324, 325, 328, 382, 385, 388

Antilias 367

Arab–Israeli conflict 367

Arabkir 161

Arabs, and massacres of 1915, 220, 223, 229

Arab world, Armenians in 363–7

Arakelots monastery 178

Aram (Manukian) 206–8, 258, 267n; biography 412

Aramé or Aramu 20

Arara, battle of 264

Ararat, Mt 11, 19, 47, 56, 79, 80, 253, 326

Ararat plain 55

Araxes: river 20, 47, 320, 396; station 313; valley 79

Ardahan 65, 66, 112, 272, 279, 326; captured in 1918 250; district and the treaty of Brest–Litovsk 248–9; status in 1945–6 360–3

Ardsruni, Grigor 62; biography 383

Ardzvi Vaspurakan 103

Argishti 20

Aristakes of Laztivert 29

Armenakan party 68, 126–9

Armen Garo 198–9; biography 412

Armenia, journal 127

Armenia, -n, -ns: alphabet 25; ancient and medieval 20–34; bourgeoisie 60–1; Christianity in, and conversion 12, 24–5; Church, regulated by imperial Russia 56, loses control of property 70, under Soviet rule 341; Delegation, in Paris (1912 onwards) 79, 265; Eastern 11, 38, 55–8, 60–2, 66–71, 78–81, 392; geography 19; monarchy, in ancient 21; National assembly (Constantinople) 111; National Congress (1917) 245–6; National Constitution 99; National Council 245–6, 256, 258; Patriarchate (Constantinople) 86, 99–100, 172, 192; peasantry 48, 61; population in the Ottoman empire 95–6; representation in the Ottoman parliament 182; Republic of 256–92, 303–30;

 

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Armenia, -n, -ns (cont.)

         revolutionary movement 68–9, 126–33, 135ff; Soviet see Soviet Armenia; Turkish 86–9, 94–104, 110–11, 121ff, 177ff, Chicherin's proposals for 305, massacres (1895) 157–73, massacres (1915) 202–30, 379–89, 429; villages in the Ottoman empire 110–11, 136ff, 157–8, 177–8; Western 11, 12, 13, 364

Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) 380

Armyanskaya oblast 48, 57

Arpa Chai (Akhurian) 313, 320, 326, 329

Arrol, American officer 263

Arshakunis 23

Artsak, 395, 396

Artsrunis 29

Artvin 111

Ashkabad 405

Ashkale 359

Ashkabad Committee (1918) 261–2

Ashot Bagratuni 28–9

Asquith, H. H. 350

Assyrians (modern) 96, 126, 161, 205, 215

Astrakhan 40

Atarbekian G., Cheka chief 324, 327

Atskhur 54

Atilla 190

Auboyneau, M. 166

Austro-Hungary, -ians 148, 231–3

Avarayr 26, 155

Ayash 209

Azdarar 51

Azerbaijan, -is 11, 29, 45, 86, 180, 243, 261, 267, 323, 324, 326, 327, 392, 394, 395, 396, 397, 399, 400, 407; Bolshevik coup 281; disputes with Armenia 270–2, 277–9; favoured by British occupation 269; independent 256; Persian 205, 358; representatives in Transcaucasian government 252; Sumgait pogrom of, 401, 402, 404–5

Azeris 48, 395, 397, 398, 399, 401, 404, 405

Aziz Pasha (of Marash) 102

 

Bab Ali demonstration 152–6

Babikian, H. 186–7

Babken Siuni 166; biography 414

Baddeley, J. F. 41, 53

Baghramian, M. 50–1

Baghramian, Marshal H. 363; biography 414

Bagirov, K. 402

Bagratunis 28

Bahri Pasha (of Trebizond) 156

Baiburt 54; massacre (1895) 159; massacre (1915) 213

Bakounts, A. 341

Baku 40, 45, 57, 180, 190, 199, 243, 246, 252, 254, 289, 355, 396, 404, 405; British extract oil 269; clashes, February 1905 73–4, September 1905 76–7; Gen. Dunsterville and 259–62; Kemalists aiming at 308; Legrand in 309; March Days 250–1; Mudros armistice and 262; oil industry 199; soviet 244, 259–60; Sovietised 283

Bakunin, M. 57

Baldwin, S. 350

Balian family 97–8

Balkan wars 193, 198

Balayan, Z. 393, 398, 400

Bardha'a, 28, 39, 41

bashibozuks 167, 261, 312, see also Bulgaria

Bash Norashen 278

Basso, L. 381

Batum 54, 61, 66, 110, 111, 112, 278, 279, 305; Conference (1918) 253; district, and Brest-Litovsk treaty 248, 249; evacuated by Allies 292; falls to Turks 251–2; Mudros armistice and 262; treaty 255, 257, 306

Bayazid 46, 53, 54, 95, 104, 109, 111

Bebutov (Behbutian), V. I. 58

Bedr Khan 95

Behaeddin Shakir 191, 197, 200, 303, 326, 344

Beirut 236, 364, 368

Bekir Sami Bey 289, 302

Belgians, Armenians compared to in 1915 231

Benliahmed 309

Beria, L. 342–3, 396

Berlin 112, 124, 232, 234, 266, 344

Berlin–Baghdad railway 197, 262

Berlin, Congress of 112–14

Berlin, treaty of, article 61, 115, 127, 135, 171, 179

Bernau, Auguste 227

Bethmann-Hollweg, T. von 233

Bevin, E. 362

Bismarck, O. von 112, 124

Bitlis 28, 95, 122, 138, 178, 182, 244, 245, 280, 316; massacre (1895) 158; massacre (1915) 211; treaty of Sèvres and 291

Bjni 58, 61

Black Sea 41, 54, 217, 317, 323; treaty of Paris clauses nullified (1871) 64

Block, Sir Adam 146–7, 170, 177

Blunt, W. S. 69, 114, 124, 133

Bolshevism, -iks 243, 245, 248, 262, 269, 328, 357; Armenian 284–6, 289, 310–11, ousted 324–5, return 327; Azerbaijan and 382–4; Baku and 246, 251, 259; coalition with Dashnaks 319; elections of June 1919 and 274; in power in Armenia 322–4, 351–3; revolution 246; Turkish nationalism and 276, 279, 303, 395

Borian, B. A. 303, 323, 326, 330

Bosnia 106, 108, 110

Bosphorus 169, see also Dardanelles, Straits

Boyadjian, H. ('Murad') 132, 155; and Sasun 139ff; biography 433

Bozanti 294, 299

boz kurt 191

Brémond, Col. E. 293ff

Brest–Litovsk, treaty of 248, 249, 306

Brezhnev, L. I. 372, 397

Briand, A. 301–2

Briand, Admiral M. 345n

Britain: and Armenia (1917–18) 263, 328; and Ottoman empire 90–1; at Smyrna (1922) 314; attitudes (1875–6) 104–6; in Cilicia 292–4; in favour of Ottoman reform 148–9; losing interest in Armenia 279;

 

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         military missions to Persia 43; occupies Transcaucasia 269–72, 394, 398, quits 277; policy after 1945 361–2; rivalry with Russia 42–3, 46

Bryce, J., Viscount 230, 231, 385, 387

Bucharest, treaty of 45

Bulgaria, -n, -ns 105, 108, 110, 117, 168, 178, 193; atrocities 64, 93, 106–7, 136; ousts Russian influence 67

Bureau government 286

Buyuk (Baouk) Vedi 290

 

Capitulations 89, 172, 346, 359

Cappadocia 24, 30, 255, 328

Caspian Sea 52, 109, 261, 358

Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia 41, 42, 90

Catholicos, supreme head of Armenian Church 28, 32, 56, 70, 86, 172, 360, 363, 367–70, 396

Catholicos, Armenian (Uniate) 49, 150–1, 155, 157, 221

Caucasian Albania 29n, 395–396

Caucasus 42–7, 52–4, 66–81, 178, 191, 197, 230, 243–56; front defended by local troops (1917–18) 249; safe refuge for revolutionaries 130, see also Transcaucasia

Céline (Silin), Comrade 318n, 319, 322

Central Asia 85, 145, 254, 344

Central powers 197, 231–6, see also Germany

Centro–Caspian Dictatorship 260–1

Chalcedon, Council of 26

Chaldiran, battle of 85

Chankiri 209

Charents, Y. 341, 343, 371; biography 415–16

Cheka 323, 324

Chermside, Col. 137, 144, 162

Chicherin, G. V. 283, 288–90, 325, 329

Chkheidze, N. 247

Chkhenkeli, A.: hands over Kars 252; leader of delegation at Trebizond 250; Transcaucasian prime minister 252

Churchill, W. S. 351, 362

Cilicia 14, 32–3, 100, 102, 182ff, 225, 244, 266, 280, 346, 364, 385, 386; catholicosate 367–70; in 1920–1 292–303

collectivisation 342

Committee for the Liberation of the Fatherland 324

Committee of Union and Progress 181, 182, 191, 194, 201, 216, 217, 218, 222, 235, 385, 387; back in power 193; ousted 192, see also Ittihadists, Young Turks

Communism see Bolshevism

Congress of Peoples of the East 303, 326

Conservatives, British, and the Turks 104ff

Constantine IX, Emperor 30

Constantinople 20, 50, 53, 55, 57, 96, 99–100, 101, 107, 126, 130, 253, 346; Bab Ali demonstration 152ff; Conference (1876) 107–8, 109; deportations (April 1915) 209; massacre (1896) 167–8

Constituent Assembly (Petrograd) 246, 247

Crathern, Dr C. F. H. 295

Crimea 42, 191

Crimean War 58–60, 101, 105

Crowe, Sir E. 266

Crusaders 32–3

Cumberbatch, consul 159

Currie, sir P. 69, 143, 144, 155, 162, 170

Curzon, Lord G. N. 276, 281, 282, 312, 314; at Lausanne 346; on Marash 296

Curzon, R. 48

Cyprus 111, 114, 382–3, 392; Convention (1878) 81, 114–15, 121, 124, 127, 135, 149, 169, 173

 

Daghestan 45, 46, 54, 59, see also North Caucasus

Damadian, M. 132; and Sasun uprising 138–9; in Adana (1920) 300; biography 417

Damascus 223, 226, 236, 364

Dardanelles 110, 169, see also Bosphorus, Straits

Darius the Great 21, 23

Dashnaks, Dashnaktsutiun 68–9, 177–8, 179, 193, 245, 318n, 351–5, 406; accord of 1909 188–9; after May 1920 Bolshevik uprising 286; anti-Bolshevik agreements 352; at Riga 352; Cairo agreement with Ramkavars 355; elections of June 1919 273–5; Erzerum Congress (1914) 197–9; first Armenian government and 258; foundation 130; in Lebanese politics 365–6; in 1933 354; in September 1920 303; in Soviet Armenia 341; Khoybun and 353; March days and 251; Ottoman Bank Incident 164–7; resistance to Bolsheviks 324; Second International and 78; second world war and 356–8; strength in Transcaucasia (1917) 243–4; trial of (1911) 78–9; Van resistance and 209

David Bek 40

Davis, J. W., American ambassador 276

Dècembrist uprising 46

Definitive treaty (1814) 43

Deir ez-Zor 205, 210, 223, 226, 229

Délégation de l'Arménie integrale 265–6

Demirjian, K. S. 391, 402

Denikin, A. I. 269, 282

Deve Boyun 65

devshirme 88

Deyirmeni, R. (Trebizond) 217, 218

Diadin 109

Dilidjan 254, 306, 308, 319

dispersion, Armenian 11, see also ëspiurkë

Disraeli, B. (Lord Beaconsfield) 105–17, 136, 260

dissidents in Soviet Armenia 371–3

Diyarbekir 23, 86, 122, 178, 189, 214, 219, 222, 233, 266, 280, 348; massacre (1895) 160–1

Djamalian, A. 286n, 352; biography 418

Djebedjian, S. 298

Djelal of Aleppo 226, 231

Djemal Pasha 191

Djevdet Bey: in Bitlis 211; in Van 205–9

Dörtyol 186

Doughty-Wylie, Major C. H. M. 183–5

Driberg, T. 362

Dro (Drastamat Kanayan) 249, 258, 267, 317, 322; defends Bash Abaran defile 254;

 

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Dro (Drastamat Kanayan) (cont.)

         dictator 318; in the second world war 357; to Moscow (1921) 324; treaty of Alexandropol and 319; biography 418–19

Dsnaberd 405

Dufferin, Lord, British ambassador at Constantinople 124–5

Dunsterforce 259–60

Dunsterville, Gen. L. C. 259–60

Dushanbe 405

 

earthquake (1988) 405–6

Echmiadzin 32, 47, 50, 52, 172, 230, 254, 257, 318; jurisdiction 367–9

Edirne 193, see also Adrianople

Edmonds, W. S. 361

Egypt 79, 366; occupation of (1882) 124

elections of June 1919 273–4

Eliot, Sir C. 202n

Elliot, Sir H. 105

Emin, J. 396

Enver Pasha 19. 191, 197, 222, 232, 234, 247, 260, 326, 344; defeated at Sarikamish 199; seizes power 193

environmental issues 392–3, 404; and demonstrations, 393, 399

Erekle II, King of Georgia 42, see also Heraclius

Erivan 86 see Yerevan

Erzerum 19, 48, 52, 53, 54, 65, 66, 80, 104, 109, 121, 126, 160, 171, 244, 266, 289, 304, 305, 311; Armenian revolutionary activity (1890) 131; captured (1916) 243; falls to Turks (1918) 249; massacre (1895) 159; massacre (1915) 214–15; province of 95, 122, 280; San Remo conference and 281; treaty of Sèvres and 291; Turkish Nationalist congress (1919) 275

Erzindjan 141, 143, 146, 159, 214, 243, 254, 316; captured (1916) 243; massacre (1895) 158; massacre (1915) 212–13; retaken by Turks (1918) 247; truce 246

ëspiurk(ë) (dispersion) 11, 375–7, 379, 392, 397, 406

Euphrates College, Kharput 218–19

Euphrates, river 20, 90, 213, 220, 223; concentration camps along 227–8

European Community: obstacles to Turkey joining 382–3; Turkey's intentions of joining 388

European Parliament 389; resolution on Armenian genocide 382–3, 384

Evangulov, Kh. M., in Baku 261

Evelina 251

Everek Fenese 347

Evliya Chelebi 19

extermination of Armenians, 1915, system of 202–3

Eyres, vice-consul, of Van 125

 

factories, and environmental pollution 392–3, 404

Fitzmaurice, consul 164

forced conversion to Islam 158, 218, 230

France 59, 89, 102, 114, 121, 167, 169, 172, 194, 279, 280, 318, 328, 345; Armenia and (1917–18) 264; attitude in 1895 148; in Cilicia (1919–21) 292ff

 

Galata (Constantinople) 92, 155, 164, 167

Gandja 45, 46, 259, see also Yelizavetpol

Ganetzky (Hanecki), Y. 329–30

Gegechkori, Ye 246

Geghamov, A. 58, 61

Gelieguzan 136, 142, 143, 147; attacked 140; battle 141

Georgia, -ns 11, 31, 42, 75, 251, 256, 309, 317, 323, 327, 392, 395; independent 255; Russian annexation of unified 45; Sovietisation 325; war with Armenia 267–8

Germany 248, 253; development of relations with Ottoman empire 197; loses interest in Ottoman reform 148; massacres of 1915 and 231–6; obstructs in 1912 194; sponsors independence of Georgia 255; withdraws from the concert of powers 124

Gevorgian seminary 52

Gibbon, E. 19

Giers, N. K. 69, 148

Giulkhandanian, A. 275n, 286n, 357; biography 422

Gladstone, W. E. 106–7; failure 124; final speech 168

glasnost 391, 398, 402

Goghb (Kulp) 329–30

Golitsyn, Prince G. 70–2, 77, 177

Goltz, Marshal von der, Pasha 197

Gorbachev, M. S. 391, 393, 394, 398, 400, 402, 403

Gorchakov, Prince A. 106

Goris 272, 290

Gorrini, Italian consul in Trebizond 216–17

Goschen, G. 123–4

Gougounian expedition 133

Gracey, Capt. G. F. 307

Graves, P. 182, 189

Graves, Sir R. W. 121, 135, 140, 142–3, 150–1, 160

Greece 193, 349–50, 362, 382

Greeks 126; 1895 massacres and 158–9, 161; in Armenia 96; in Turkish republic 359; Turkish nationalism and 189–90

Gregory the Illuminator 24–5

Grew, J. 346

Gulistan, treaty of 45

Gumri, 45, see also Alexandropol

Gumush-khana 54, 217, 316; massacre (1895) 158

Gurun 161

 

Hadjin 139, 186, 187, 203; siege (1920) 297–9

hafir 137

Hagopian, G. 127, 144

Hairikian, P. 393

Hakkiari 215

Hakki Pasha 236

hala 137

Halide Edib 190

Hallward, vice-consul C. M. 138, 139, 142, 143, 144, 150, 170

hamals 97

Hamamlu 254, 313

 

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Hamazasp, General 285, 324

Hamidiye cavalry 134, 141

Haramvartan, 309

Harbord, Maj-Gen. J. G. 276–7

Harcourt, Rev. H. W. 287, 290n

Harutyunyan, S. 402

Haskell, Col. W. H. 278, 307; a crook 287

Hasköy (Constantinople) 155, 167

Hassan Tahsin Pasha (of Bitlis) 138

Hassan Tahsin Pasha (of Erzerum) 206, 214

'Hatay' 223, see Alexandretta, sanjak of

Haxthausen, Baron von 71

Heimann, General 65

Helsinki Monitoring Group, 372

Heraclius II, king of Georgia 42, 50

Herbert, Aubrey 233n

Herzegovina 106, 108, 110

Herzen, A. 57, 129

Herzl, T. 160

Hitler, A. 348, 355, 362

Hittites 20, 21

Hoff, Major 194–5

Hohenlohe-Langeburg, Prince zu 234

Hohler, T. B. 278

Hovsepiants, G. 310, 368; biography 390–1

Howard, H., consul 133

Hunchaks 68, 164, 406; Bab Ali demonstration and 152–6; demands (1895) 153; foundation 129–30; in Constantinople (1890) 132; in Erzerum (1890) 131; in Lebanon 265–6; in 1915 198; strength in 1917 244; Zeitun and (1895) 161

Hussein, Sherif of Mecca, 364

 

Igdir 47, 54, 253, 309, 326, 329

Ignatyev, Count N. P. 64, 111

Ihsan Nuri 353

India 92, 105, 262, 280; Armenians in 50–1; Enver aims at 199; trade route to 104

inflation in the Armenian republic 303

intervention against Bolshevik Russia 260

intervention, great-power, in Armenia 127, 130, 179

Ioffe, A. I. 352

Iran 11, 197, 353, 356, 395, see also Persia

Isakov, Admiral 356; biography 423

Isfahan 38

Ishkhan (of Van) 206, 208

Ishkhentsor 140, 161

Islahiye 296

Islam: division into Sunni and Shia 37n; in Armenia 27–8; Ottoman empire and 280; Turkism and 180, 191

Ismail, Safavid shah 32, 37, 85

Ismet Pasha (Inönü) 96, 306; at Lausanne 346

Istanbul 341; Armenian community in 372, see also Constantinople

Italy 148, 265, 277, 360; arms Turkish Nationalists 280; invades Libya 193; words of support for Armenia 264

Ittihad-i Muhammediye Djemieti 187–8

Ittihad ve Terrake Djemieti, Ittihadists 181, 198, 236, 243, 347, see also Committee of Union and Progress, Young Turks

Izmir see Smyrna

Izmirlian, M. 154, 165; biography 423–4

Japaridze, P. 260

Jengiz Khan 46, 190, 203

Jerusalem 33, 363; patriarchate 370

Jews 262, 357, 359; in Armenia 12; Turkish nationalism and 189

Julfa 205

Justice Commanders of the Armenian Genocide (JCAG) 380

 

Kachaznuni, H.: Armenian republic's prime minister 258, 267n; arrested 324; critical of Dashnaktsutiun 274–5; in Transcaucasian government 252; tries to form government (1920) 315; biography 424

Kadets 251

Kaghizman 285, 329; falls to Kemalists 307

Kamar Katiba 66; biography 424

Kanaker 327

Kaputikyan, S. 400

Karabagh, Mountainous 38, 45, 50, 75, 266, 283, 323, 372–3; Andranik and 270; Bolsheviks occupy 305; disputed territory 270, 278, 284, 289–90, 308, 393–4, 396–7, 398–402, 403–4, 406, 407

Karabakh, N. 402, 403

Karabekir, Kiazim 245, 308, 309, 328; at Kars conference 329–30; begins Armenian offensive 306; captures Erzerum 249; captures Erzindjan 247; eager to attack Armenia 304–6; in Alexandropol 316–17

Karakilisa (modern Kirovakan) 254, 263, 285

Karaurgan 306

Karinian, A. 352

Kars 28, 30, 46, 52, 54, 66, 95, 110, 191, 199, 279, 285, 290n, 305, 307; besieged (1855) 58, 60, 61; condition (1920) 320n; district, and treaty of Brest–Litovsk 248, 249; falls (1920) 309–12, 317; handed over to Turks (1918) 252; in 1918 250; Mudros armistice and 262; shura 272; status in 1945–6 360–3; stormed (1877) 65; treaty of (1921) 326, 329–30, 361–2, 394, 395; treaty of Moscow and 326

Kars–Julfa railway 253–4, 257

Karvansaray (modern Idjevan) 317, 319

Kasian, S. 284, 323; biography 426

Kavafian family 97

Kayseri 161, 347

Kazan 39, 180

Kemakh gorge 213, 214

Kemalism, -ists 275–6, 279–80, 303

Kemal, Mustafa, Atatürk 245, 275, 283, 344–5, 347, 394, 395; and the Caucasus 304–6

Kerasond 217

Kerensky, A. 78, 245

Kessab 34

Khaibalikend, sacked 270

Khalil Bey, Col. 278, 283

Khalil Pasha, Ottoman minister of justice 234, 236, 305; at Batum conference 253

Khandjian, A. 342–3, 396; biography 427

Khanzatian, S. 372, 397

Kharput 126, 186, 210, 266, 280, 348, 353; massacre (1895) 161; massacre (1915) 218–21, see also Mamuret el-Aziz

 

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Khatisian A. 244, 309; in Transcaucasian government 252; leader of delegation at Alexandropol 314, 316–17, 318–19; on fall of Kars 311–12; prime minister 275; resigns 286; biography 427–8

Khodjalu 404

Khoisky, Fat'h Ali Khan 279

Khorasan (village) 111

Khoybun 352

Khrimian, Catholicos Mëkërtich 70, 96, 370; in Van 102–4; sermon (1878) 117; biography 428–9

Khruschev, N. 396, 397

Kinneir, M. 20

Kinross, Lord 386

Kirakosian, J. 398

Kirovabad 405

Kirovakan 405

kishlak 89

Kizilchakchak 312

Klingsor 314

Komitas 209; biography 429–30

Konya 199, 203, 205, 210, 268

Korkmasov J., 325

Kotanjian, H. 391, 398

Krasovsky, Gen. 47

Kulp 278, 329

Kum Kapu Affray 132–3

Kura, river, 52, 396

Kurdistan 95, 112, 259

Kurds 54, 95, 96, 111, 115, 126, 128–9, 170–1, 177–8, 192, 193, 208, 220, 247, 383, 386; after war of 1877–8 123; in revolt 134; in Sasun region 136ff; in Van region 103; Kurdish cover-up 143–4; nomadic 153; relations with Armenians 123; settled in Armenia 85–6; Turkish nationalism and 190

Kurukdere, battle 59

Kutchuk Kainardji, treaty of 41, 90

 

labour battalions, Armenian soldiers enrolled in 200

land question in Turkish Armenia 192, 193

Langlois, V. 100

Larcher, M. 385

Lausanne, conference and treaty 346–7, 383

law, Ottoman, and Armenians 87–9, 103–4

Layard, Sir H. 105, 123

Laz 123, 216, 316, 346

Lazarian (-ev) Institute 51, 57

League of Nations 266, 281, 325, 347, 351

Lebanon 102, 302, 349, 350, 385, 386; Armenians in 365–7, 379

Legrand, B. V. 289–90, 304, 308–9, 315, 317, 318

Lenin, V. I. 248, 260, 284, 304, 308, 325; letter to the Transcaucasian republics (1921) 328–9

Leninakan 342, 405, see also Alexandropol

Leo V (VI), king of Armenia 34

Lepsius, Dr J. 230, 231, 232, 344

Lernahayastan 327

Liberals, and Armenian question 124–5

Liberal Union (Itilaf) 192

liberation of serfs 61

Ligachev, Y. K. 404

Lloyd George, D.: at San Remo 281; on Armenia 263; on Baku 260

Lobanov-Rostovsky, Prince A. B. 69, 148, 149

London Conference, First 280–1

London Conference, Second 301

Lori 267, 323

Loris-Melikov, Count M. T. 65; biography 430

Lossow, Gen. O. von 253, 255–6

Lowther, Sir G. 181, 192

Luke, Sir H. 287, 290, 306

Lynch, H. F. B. 12, 94

 

MacCallum, Dr F. 287

McDermott, G. L. 361

MacDonald, R. 350

McDonell, A. R. 259, 282

Macedonia 94, 170, 177, 179, 181

Madras 50

Mahari, G. 341

Mahmud Shevket Pasha 185, 193

Mahmud II, Ottoman sultan 98

Malatia 161, 219

Malleson, Maj-Gen. W. 259, 261

Mamikonians 26

Mamuret el-Aziz 95, 122, 222

Manazkert, battle of 30, see also Meiazkert

mandate, Caucasian 264–5, 266, 276

Manoogian, A. 384

Manzikert see Manazkert

Marash 101, 102, 126, 162, 183, 204, 280, 292; in 1919–20 294–6

March Days in Baku 250–1

Mardin 233

Markara bridge 315

Marsovan (Mersifun) 126, 210; massacre (1895) 161; massacre (1915) 222

Marx, Karl 60n

Maskinah 226, 228

massacres of 1895, pattern 171; of 1915 202–3

Maximov, dragoman of the Russian embassy, Constantinople 166

May 1920 Bolshevik uprising 284–6

Mdivani, B. 315

Meghri 352

Mehemed Ali of Egypt 90, 91

mehkémé (religious court) 87–8, 103

Mehmed II, Ottoman sultan 86, 87

Mëkhitar 50

Melazkert 214

Melnikov, V. 352

Mensheviks, -ism 243, 251, 255

Merdenek 307

Meshhed 261

Mesrop-Mashtots 25

Metternich, Count von Wolff- 234–5, 237

Miasnikian, A. 328, 341, 352; biography 431

Michael, Grand Duke, viceroy of the Caucasus 67

Mikayelian, K. 68, 130, 131, 179, 284; biography 431–2

Mikoyan, A. 52, 262, 339n, 371; biography 432

Mikoyan, S. 393, 398

 

[Page 473]

 

Miliukov, P. 78

millets 86–7

Minorsky, V. 362

Missakian, J. 357–8

missionaries, American Protestant 125–6

Mkhitar 50

Molotov, V. M. 360–1

Mongol empire 31, 32, 85

monophysitism 26

Monteith, Lieut W. 53, 54

Montenegro 107, 110, 117, 123, 193

Morgenthau, H., US ambassador to Constantinople 200, 201, 202, 210, 219, 222

Moscow 38, 57, 292, 309, 325, 351, 400, 405; Shant mission to 288–90; treaty of 325–6, 329–30, 394, 395

Mosul 203, 214, 236

Moush 48, 95, 102, 122, 143, 144, 148, 200, 245, 316, 317, 376; and Sasun 138–9; Armeno-Kurdish relations 96; in 1903–4 178; in 1908 182; massacre (1915) 211–12

Moushegh, archbishop of Adana 187

Mshak ('cultivator') 62

Mudanya armistice 346

Mudros armistice 262–3, 267

muhajirs 203, 311

Muhammad, Prophet of Islam 27, 87

Murad see Boyadjian, H.

Murad III, Ottoman sultan 86

Murad IV, Ottoman sultan 101

Murad V, Ottoman sultan 107

Murad of Sivas 221; biography 433

Muravyev, Gen. 60

Musa Bey 130

Musa Dagh 223–5, 349n, 386

Musavat party 243, 251, 304

Musayelian, Capt. S. 285–6

Muslimzade, T. 401

Mustafa, Dr, Turkish leader in Marash 295

 

Nakashizde, Prince 70, 73, assassinated 74

Nakhichevan 28, 47, 48, 257, 323, 373, 405; as disputed territory 270–2, 278, 289, 307, 392, 393, 394, 398; Bolsheviks occupy 290, 305; in 1905 74–5; treaty of Alexandropol and 317, 320; treaty of Kars and 330, 394–5; treaty of Moscow and 326, 394–5

Nalbandian, M. 56–7, 101; biography 433–4

Nansen, Fridtjof 350–1

Napoleon III 102

Napoleon, Prince Louis 75

Narimanov, N. 394, 395

Narodnaya Volya ('people's will') 69

nationalism, Armenian 171–2, 391–2

National Pact (Turkish) 288; Surmalu not included 279

NATO 376, 383, 384

Navasardian, V. 352; biography 434

Nazarbekian, A. 129–30, 131; biography 434

Nazarbekian, Gen. T. 249, 254; biography 434–5

Nazim, Dr 189, 191, 197, 203, 344

Nazis 357–8

Nazism and Turkism 191n

Near East Relief 264n, 345, 349, 350

Nelidov, Russian ambassador at Constantinople 156

Nemesis, Dashnak network 344

Nerses Ashtaraketsi 48, 51; biography 435

Nerses Varzhabedian, patriarch of Constantinople 109, 155; biography 435–6

Nersesian academy 51

Nestorianism 26

New Armenian Resistance 380

New Economic Policy (NEP) 339, 342

New Julfa 38

Nicolas I, tsar of Russia 46, 55

Nicolas II, tsar of Russia 70

Nicolas, Grand Duke, at Adrianople (1878) 111

Nikolayev, Gen., relieves Van 208

Nor Bayazid 257, 285, 322

Norman, C. B. 110

Nor Nakhichevan 57

Nor Tetrak, vor Kochi Hordorak 50

North Caucasus, Mountaineer Republic of 267, 308

Novo Selim 307

Nubar Pasha, Boghos 79, 265, 273

nuclear reactor (Metsamor) 392

Nurijanian, A. 284–6, 323–4, 328; biography 436–7

Nuri Pasha 251, 283

Nzhdeh, Gen. G. 327, 355, 357; biography 437

 

Odishelidze, Lieut-Gen. I. Z. 247

Oghuz Khan, 'Oghuzistan' 177, 190

Ohandjanian, H. 259, 290n; arrested 324; prime minister 286; resigns 315; biography 437–8

Ohannes, priest of Semal 142

oil, British and Baku 269

Olti III, 272, 290; dispute (1920) 305–6

opinion, Armenian, in 1895 150

Ordubad 278

Ori, I. 396

Orjonikidze, G. K. 304, 317

Orlando, V. 264

Orly Airport, terrorist attack at (1983) 380

Orontes, satrap/king of Armenia 21

Osborne, D. G. 307, 314, 361

Ottoman constitution 107–8, 18

Ottoman Bank 92; Incident 164–6

Ottoman empire 406, 407; defeated (1918) 237, 262; expands into Armenia 85; joins concert of nations (1856) 91; joins 1914–18 war 198; 1908 revolution 181ff; policy shifts towards Germany 197; supported by Britain 104ff; under Abdul Hamid II 121–73

Ottoman finance 92–4

Ottoman Liberals, First Congress of 179

Ottoman reform 90

Ozakom 244–5

 

Pallavicini, Count J. 221, 232–3

pan-Islamism 133–4, 158, 180, 195

pan-Slavism 64

 

[Page 474]

 

pan-Turkism 180, 189–91, 195, 246, 251, 254, 270, 304, 358, 397

Papazian, V. 205, 352, 353, 357; biography 439–40

Papen, F. von 358

Paramaz 198; biography 440

Paris: Armenians in 379; peace conference (1919) 265–7; treaty of (1856) 91, 104

Parrot, Dr. F. 56

Parthia 23, 237

Pasin, 48, 214

Paskievich, Prince I. F. 46–7, 49, 52–4

Patkanian, R. 66; biography 394

Paul, tsar of Russia 43

Pera (Constantinople) 155, 167

perestroika, 391, 398, 400, 402, 403, 406

Permanent People's Tribunal 381, 383

Persia, -ns, and Armenia 20, 37–47, 112, 164, 178, 339, see also Iran

Peter the Great, tsar of Russia 38, 39–41

Phrygia 20

Plehve, von 70

Plevna 110

Pobiedonostsev, K. P. 67, 70

polozhenye 56

Pomiankowski, J. 386

Posselt, Gen. 214

Populist party (Zhoghovrdakan) 244, 258, 267; differences with Dashnaks 273

Portugalian, M. 126–7; biography 441

Poti 54, 255

printing 49

Prjevalsky, M., Sasun commissioner 144, 148

'Prometheus' organisation 353

Protectors of the Fatherland 126

Provisional government 243–4

Public Debt Administration 94, 172

Punch 115; cartoon 117

purges, Stalinist (1936–9) 343

Pushkin, A. 53n

 

Quérette, Gen. 294–6

 

Raffi 66, 343; biography 441

Ramkavars 244, 267, 356, 366, 406; Ramkavar Azatakan party 354–5

Raqqa 214, 226, 229

Ras ul-Ain 219–20, 226–7

rayahs 87

Red Army 283, 328; invades Zangezur 290

'Reform' schemes: 1895 149–50; 1914 194

refugees, Turkish Armenians 339, 349–51

repatriation (1945–8) 363

Revkom 317, 318n; in Armenia 323–4

Rhea, Col. 278

Riga talks between Bolsheviks and Dashnaks 352

Rigaux, F. 381

Rize 317

Rosenberg, A. 357

Ross rifles 290n, 309

Rumeliot troops 185, 188

Rus 39, 41

Russia: and the Caucasus 39ff; Armenians escape to 230; attitude in 1900s 177; contemplates action in 1896 169; moving into north Persia 194; obstructs reforms in Turkish Armenia (1895) 149, see also USSR

Russian army, demoralisation of 245

Russo-Polish war 306

Russo-Turkish war (1828–9) 52–4

Russo-Turkish war (1877–8) 64–6, 93, 108–11

 

Sabaheddin, Prince 179

Safavid dynasty 32, 37

Sahakian, A. 252, 275n, 324

Sahmanadir Ramkavar party 244

Said, Sheikh, Kurdish chief 353

St Petersburg 39, 80, 101

Sairt (modern Siirt) 211

Salisbury, Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquis 107–8, 112, 115, 145, 160; circular of 1896 168–9; prime minister 149

Salmas affair 128

Salonika 181, 182

Samih, Aziz 200

Sanahin 267, 313

Sanders, Liman von 199, 344

Sandwith, Dr H. 49, 58, 59, 87, 91

San Lazzaro 50

San Remo conference 281

San Stefano, treaty of 111–12, 115

Sarajoglu, Shukri 358, 361

Sardarabad 47, 350; battle of 254–5, 371, 400

Sarikamish 111, 285, 305, 306, 311; condition in 1921 321n; Ottoman defeat (1915) 199

Sasun 95, 127; commission 144, 147–8; in 1903–4 178; massacre (1915) 211–12; responsibility for massacre 170; uprising and massacre 136ff

Sasuntzi Davit tank corps 356

Saviour Officers 192

Sayat Nova 42

schools, Armenian 68

Schulenberg, Count von 253

Schultz, G. 384, 385

Scutari 53, 99

second world war 355–60

Seim, Transcaucasian 247, 252; dissolved 256

Selim the Grim, Ottoman Sultan 85, 86, 95, 326

Semal 136, 140

Senior, N. 93

Serbia 107, 110, 117, 193

Sevan, lake 257, 290, 313, 393

Sèvres, treaty of 281, 288, 301, 304, 307, 316, 321, 376; terms 291–2

Shabin Karahisar 178, 216

Shadakh, disturbance 206

Shahamirian, H. 51

Shahumian 75, 244, 246, 249, 251, 260–2

Shakhtakhti 290, 320

Shakir Pasha 149, 159–60

Shamil 40, 59

Shant, L., mission to Moscow 287–90

Shant, V. 357

Sharur 252, 278, 290, 320

Shendrikov brothers 72

Shenik 136, 140

Shipley, consul H. S., describes events in Sasun 141–2

 

[Page 475]

 

Shishli, Armenian cemetery, Constantinople 181

Shushi (Shusha) 75, 270

Shuttleworth, Col. D. I. 270

Siberia, 180, 191

Silikian, Gen. M. P. 254–5, 285, 309

silk trade 38, 39

Sirkedji (Constantinople) 156

Sis 34; catholicosate of Cilicia at 86, 367; sanjak of 292

Sivas, province and town 53, 54, 95, 121, 122, 167, 210, 266; massacre (1895) 161; massacre (1915) 221

'six vilayets' 122, 262, 266

Smyrna 94, 267, 279; sacked by the Kemalists 345

Social Democrats 72, 75, see also Bolsheviks, Mensheviks

Social Revolutionaries 251, 262

softas 154, 155

'South-west Caucasian Republic' (Kars shura) 272

Soviet Armenia 11, 13, 339–43, 370–4, 391, 392–3, 394, 396, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 406, 407; Communist Party of, corruption in 391, 398; earthquake (1988) 405–6

Soviet Russia 307, 318n; Armenia tries to negotiate with 288–90; intercedes with Germany to stop Armenian massacres 250, see also USSR

Stalingrad, battle of 359

Stalinism 342, 371, 396, 398

Stalin, I. V. 13, 249, 260, 317, 325, 339n, 360, 363, 391, 394, 395, 396

Stepanakert 399, 400, 403

Stokes, Lieut-Col. C. B. 307–8, 312

Straits 41; see also Bosphorus, Dardanelles

Sublime Porte, the Porte 90, 93, 95, 108, 111, 115; stormed 193

Suleiman I, Ottoman sultan 85, 89

Sultania 204–5

Sultanov, Kh. Bek 270, 353, 394

Sumgait pogrom 401, 402, 404–5

Surmalu 47, 290, 313, 317, 388; treaty of Batum and 253; treaty of Moscow and 326; Turkish National Pact and 279

Surmelian, L. 217, 322, 361

Sykes, Sir M. 12, 94, 226, 266

Syria 11, 34, 85, 223, 226, 294, 302, 348–9

Syrian desert 203

 

Tabriz 31, 339; trade-route 104; Turkish army expelled 205

Tahmasp, shah of Persia 40

Talaat Pashah 191, 192, 202, 222, 232, 233, 234; appointed Grand Vizier 236; assassinated 344; justifies killing Armenians 210

Talori 136, 142, 161

Tamerlane see Timurlenk

Tanzimat 100, see also reform

Tashkent 405

Tarsus 33, 299

Tatars 48, 55, 243, 244, 256, 303; and Armenians (1905) 73–7; in Baku, March 1918 250–1

taxation in the Ottoman empire 88–9

Teague Jones, Capt. R. 259–62

Tekin Alp 177, 190

Tekinsky, Khan 278

Ter-Gabrielian, S. 352; biography 449

Terian, V. 249; biography 450

Ter-Minasian, R. 212, 286n, 309; biography 449–50

Ter-Petrosian, Kamo 78; biography 395

terrorism, Armenian 380, 383

Terterian, H. 288–9, 317, 318

Ter-Vahanian, V. 352

Teshkilat-i Makhsusiye 197, 204, 213, 385, 386

Tewfik Pasha 159; kills Armenians of Semal 142

theatre, Turkish 98

Theodore Rshtuni 28

Thomas, L. V. 359

Thomson, Gen. W. M. 270, 394

Thrace: eastern 193, 305; western 203

Tiflis (Tbilisi) 28, 42, 52, 57, 74, 78, 98, 243, 267, 309, 314, 325; Armenians in 258; Armeno–Georgian war and 268; soviet 244

Tigran(es) II 23, 289

Tigranakert 23

Tigris, river 20, 90

Times, The 92–3, 268–9, 274, 369–70

Timurlenk 31, 190

Tiridates I, king of Armenia 24

Tiridates III, king of Armenia 24–5

Togan, Zeki Velidi 358

Tokat, massacre (1897) 170

Toros Roslin 33

Totovents, V. 341

Tourian, Abp. Gh. 354, 368

Toynbee, A. J. 201, 385, 387

Transcaucasia 43, 47, 52, 59, 61, 78, 394, 395, 397, 403; autocracy hardens in 67; in 1905 72; in 1917 243–7; independent 252; nebulous status 247–52; Soviet 339

Transcaucasian Commissariat 246–7

Transcaucasian Federation: dissolves 256; independent 252

Trebizond 53, 112, 245, 247, 266, 280; captured (1916) 243; Conference (1918) 249–50; massacre (1895) 156–8; massacre (1915) 216–18; treaty of Sèvres and 291

Triple Entente 194

Truman Doctrine 362, 365

Trumpener, U. 231–2

Tseghakrons 355

Tsereteli, I. 256, 267

Tsitsianov, Prince P. D. 43–5

Tunis, 114, 121

Turkey: Nationalist 275–6, 406, 407, and Soviet Russia 279, 288–9, 326–7, 394, 395, 398, and Cilicia 293; Ottoman 13, 37, 41, 47, 85ff, constitutional revolution (1908) 181, joins the first world war 198; Republican 372, 376, Armenians and 347–9, second world war and aftermath 358–62

Turkish nationalism 179–80; 189–91, 279–80

Turkmen 261

Turkmen-chai, treaty of 47, 52

Turk Odjaghi 180

 

[Page 476]

 

Turkomans 31, 37, 95, 101

Turkophiles, 91, 203, 233n

Turks, Seljuk 30–1, 95

Twenty-six Commissars 262

 

Umayyads 37n

United Nations 347, 360, 367; Convention (1948) 381, 382; Sub-Commission on Human Rights 389; Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities 381, 383

United States 206, 233, 244, 268; Armenakans in 128; and Armenia (1918) 264–5; Armenians in 379; attitude toward Armenian genocide 383–5

Urfa 200; massacre (1895), first 159, second 163–4; massacre (1915) 225; in 1919–20 294, 297

Urquhart, vice-consul L. 74

Ussher, Dr C. 206–9, 339

USSR 339, 343, 355, 360–3; era of glasnost and perestroika 391, 398, 400, 402, 403, 406; internationalism 394, 397, 398, 400, 403

usury, Kurdo–Armenian 96

Uti 395, 396

 

Vambéry, A. 109, 133, 145–6, 149, 180

Van: lake 53, 103, 317, 353; province 30, 95, 122, 178, 244, 266, 385; and treaty of Sèvres 291; town 102–3, 125, 150, 161, 164, 186, 210, 317, 376, self-defence (1915) 205–9

Varak 102, 207

Vardan 26

varlik vergisi 359–60

Vartovian, H. 98

Vazgen I, catholicos 368–9; biography 453

Vehib Pasha 247, 253

Venice 49

Vezirov, A. R. 402

viceroyalty of the Caucasus 67, 72

Victoria, Queen of England 106, 109

Vienna 50

villagers, massacres of 157, 208, 211

Vincent, Sir Edgar 165–6

Vladikavkaz 42

Volsky, A. 406

Volunteer Army 269

Volunteer units, Armenian, in Russian armies 198–9, 234

Vorogait Parats 51

Vorontsov-Dashkov, Count I. I., viceroy of the Caucasus 72, 74, 75, 79

Vorontsov, Prince M. S. viceroy of the Caucasus 59

Vramyan 206; biography 453

Vratsian, S. 257, 279, 286n, 353; leader of the Committee for the Liberation of the Fatherland 324–5; on the fall of Kars 309–11; prime minister 315–18; biography 454–5

vrezh ('revenge') 130

 

Waddington, M. 114

Wangenheim, Baron von 232–4

Wardrop, O. 277, 281

Washburn G., 130, 167

Wesendonck, O. von 253

Westenenk 194–5

Whitaker, B. 381

White Rams 31, 37

Williams, A., MP 231

Wilson, Col. C. W. 121

Wilson, Woodrow, US president 277, 280, 281; Award to Armenia 315–16; Fourteen Points 264

Wolf, L. 104

Woods, H. C. 185

 

Xenophon 21, 48

Ximenes, Ottoman agent 143

 

yaftas (placards) 135

Yakuts of Siberia 180

Yekarian, A. 206–7; biography 455

Yelizavetpol, 47, 75; see also Gandja

Yerevan 19, 20, 45, 48, 55, 57, 86, 263, 277, 278, 304, 305, 307, 308, 315, 317, 318, 319, 342, 351, 357, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405; conquered by the Russians 47; factories in 392–3; khanate/province 61, 190, 253, 257, 396; May Day 1920 and 284–5; Sovietisation and uprising 324–5

yerkir(ë) ('the homeland') 66, 129, 250, 273

Yermolov, Gen. A. P. 46

Yerzinkian, A. 252; biography 455–6

Yesaian, Z. 341

Yezidis 96

Yildiz ('Star') Palace 145, 147

Yoghonuluk 223

Young Armenia Society 130

Young Turks 195, 197ff, 200, 236, 386, see also Ittihadists

Yowell, Maj. 345

Yusuf Kemal 187, 302, 325

 

Zangezur 75, 267, 279, 283, 290, 305, 308, 317, 323, 352; disputed territory 270–1, 289, 394; independent of the Bolsheviks 324, 327

Zarafian, L. 288–9

Zarif Mustafa Pasha 59

Zavarian, S. 68, 284; biography 456

Zaven, patriarch of Constantinople 199, 210; biography 456–7

Zeilan, sheikh of 139, 161

Zeitun 57, 95, 210; conflict (1862) 100–2; conflict (1895–6) 161–2, 187; deportation (1915) 203–5

Zeki Pasha, commander of the Hamidiye 134, 146–7

Zia Gökalp 177, 189–90, 198, 344

Zimmermann, A. 234

Zionism 160, 367

Zivin 65

Ziyaret, Mt 306

Zohrab, K. 210; biography 458

Zorian, S. (Rostom) 68, 284; biography 441–2

Zoroastrianism 24

 

 

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[Back cover]

 

 

How has Armenia survived as a nation, with its long history of invasion and violent misrule? What is the future of its people, still struggling for nationhood amidst the devastation of the recent earthquake?

            This pioneering modern history of Armenia explores the background to Imperial Turkey's barbaric mass-extermination of Armenians in 1915. It relates Armenia's brave attempt to build an independent republic in 1918, and the failure of Britain and the great powers to honour their promises of support, culminating in the Turkish offensive of 1920, which dashed Armenian hopes.

            Christopher Walker returned to Armenia in 1989 to research new material for this updated second edition: on Perestroika, the Karabakh uprising, the 1988 earthquake, and the continuing struggle for political recognition of the genocide of 1915.

 

"Christopher Walker's book is a loving account of ancient Armenia, and of its hideous destruction in modern times…Walker is passionate but scholarly. He shows the continuity of Armenia; the indisputable title of its people to the land from which they have been evicted."

– Christopher Hitchens, New Statesman

 

"Most serious… contains much valuable information particularly on the internal affairs of the Armenian Republic, before and after its incorporation in the Soviet Union, and the lives of prominent Armenians, who are listed in a useful biographical appendix."

– Andrew Mango, Middle Eastern Studies

 

Christopher J. Walker was educated at Lancing College and Brasenose College, Oxford. He has worked for a leading London auction house and in the editorial department of Penguin Books. An abiding interest in the later Ottoman empire led him to the Armenians, and after winning a Winston Churchill Travelling Fellowship, he visited Van, Kars, Ani, Yerevan and Echmiadzin, and embarked on the research for this book. In 1990 he won the Garbis Papazian Prize for his work on behalf of the Armenian people. He is currently a freelance writer and reviewer, working on a biography of Oliver Baldwin.

 

 

[ROUTLEDGE Logo]

 

11 New Fetter Lane

London EC4P 4EE

 

ISBN 0-415-04684-X

 

 

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